EUKARYOTIC
CELL
Mitochondria:
used in respiration, where it takes in nutrients and stores the energy as ATP
for use within the cell
Smooth
endoplasmic reticulum: internal membranes that produce and metabolise lipids,
carbohydrates, and some types of hormone
80S
ribosomes: small complexes of RNA and proteins, the site of translation in
protein synthesis
Golgi
apparatus: stacks of flattened vesicles that modify and package proteins and
other molecules for export outside the cell
Lysosome: hold enzymes, used for digestion of materials within the cell
Cytoplasm:
contains substances needed for cell processes, keeps organelles in suspension
Nucleus:
maintains the integrity of genetic material, controls the functions of the
cell, and directs protein synthesis and cell replication
Rough
endoplasmic reticulum: internal membranes studded with ribosomes that carry out
protein synthesis
Centrioles:
a pair of nine-sided microtubule bundles that aid in cell movement and
replication
Cell
surface membrane: a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins that allows
substances to pass into and out of the cell
PROKARYOTIC
CELL
Mesosome:
an infolding of the cell surface membrane that contains enzymes used in
respiration
Plasmid:
a small circle of non-essential DNA that can be exchanged between prokaryotes
Capsule:
a slimy layer that protects the cell against dehydration and phagocytosis,
enables prokaryotes to stick together, and can act as a food reserve
Pili:
protein tubes that enable prokaryotes to adhere to surfaces and each other,
used in the transfer of DNA
Flagellum:
rotates or lashes to enable to cell to move around, uses energy in the form of
ATP
Cytoplasm:
contains substances needed for cell processes, keeps organelles in suspension
DNA
(nucleoid): maintains the integrity of genetic material, controls the functions
of the cell, and directs protein synthesis and cell replication
Cell
surface membrane: a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins that allows
substances to pass into and out of the cell
Cell
wall: made of peptidoglycan, provides structural support
-
two
types of cell wall: gram negative (thin cell wall with outer lipid layer,
stains pink) and gram positive (thick cell wall, stains purple)
70S
ribosomes: small complexes of RNA and proteins, the site of translation in
protein synthesis
COMPARISON
OF EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC CELLS
prokaryotic
|
eukaryotic
|
small cells
|
larger cells
|
always unicellular
|
often multicellular
|
no membrane-bound organelles
|
membrane-bound organelles
|
DNA is circular
|
DNA is linear
|
70S ribosomes
|
80S ribosomes
|
no cytoskeleton
|
cytoskeleton
|
binary fission
|
mitosis or meiosis
|
always asexual reproduction
|
asexual or sexual reproduction
|
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